When considering investments in emerging markets, many investors turn to passive ETF strategies, due to the common perception that they offer a low-risk, inexpensive exposure to the equity markets of the developing world.
Passive exchange-traded funds are typically based on market capitalization indexes, with two popular options being
The Vanguard Group's FTSE Emerging Markets ETF (VWO) and iShares' MSCI Emerging Markets ETF (EEM). Historically, these two funds account for a large portion of the inflows to emerging-markets equities. Due to strong relative performance and favorable valuations, both are experiencing strong inflows, with VWO and EEM seeing a combined $4.1 billion of inflows in the third quarter through Aug. 31.
However, there are some fundamental problems with the construction of these ETFs, primarily based on the methods used to build the underlying indexes. While it is hard to argue that market capitalization is not an appropriate way to construct the investible universe of emerging-markets equities, this weighting scheme impedes an investor's hopes of getting a reasonable exposure to the emerging markets in two ways.
TOO CONCENTRATED
First, the MSCI and FTSE emerging-markets indexes are quite concentrated. In both, China represents close to one-fifth of the underlying portfolio, and the top five countries represent over 65% of the exposure.
A concentrated portfolio is risky because the concentrated positions drive the portfolio's performance, and the benefits of diversification are greatly reduced. This is particularly true in the emerging-markets asset class, where the high volatility of country returns, paired with a low level of correlation among countries, means the forgone diversification benefit can be material. Simply diversifying country exposures can add dramatic value over the more concentrated benchmarks, in the form both of higher returns and lower volatility. By investing in the more concentrated portfolios represented by VWO and EEM, uninformed investors are most likely taking on a degree of unintended portfolio risk, which leads to lower expected returns than a portfolio constructed to have a more diversified set of country weights.
The second troubling aspect of these passive ETFs is the nature of the countries in which they are concentrated. For many, an investment in the emerging markets is an attempt to capture the larger growth potential of the immature economies of the world. In addition, many also invest to gain exposure to equity markets that are less knit into the global economy and have shown lower correlation with developed-market equity returns. However, when looking at what countries make up the concentrations in VWO and EEM, we see a number of countries which are arguably on the verge of becoming developed. This means these countries are much further along their economic growth path than the smaller, less mature emerging economies. This results in expected growth rates much closer to the developed world than their less-developed, emerging peers. In addition, these larger emerging countries also are tied more to the global economy, with equity returns more correlated with the developed world's.
China, after seeing explosive growth in its economy, has in recent years seen its GDP growth rate converge toward that of the developed world. The inclusion of Korea and Taiwan as emerging-market countries surprises many investors, as both are perceived to be almost completely developed and, in fact, the FTSE Index has already graduated Korea to developed status. Similar statements can be made for Brazil and South Africa. For many investors hoping to lock in the higher growth rates and correlation benefit of emerging economies, the large weights assigned to these countries acts against this investment thesis.
A BETTER WAY
A more diversified emerging-markets portfolio — one with underweights to the notable concentrations and an overweight to those smaller economies that more closely deserve the “developing” title — solves these risks on both fronts. This approach harnesses the power of diversification to provide a portfolio with a higher expected return and lower expected volatility. It also more closely matches investor motivation for investing in the emerging markets by underweighting countries that are arguably developed or near-developed, and overweighting those that truly are in their infancy and still have some of their hyper-growth days ahead.
Tim Atwill is managing director of investment strategy at Parametric Portfolio Associates, which offers the Parametric Emerging Markets Fund.
