This week, the Supreme Court is set to deliberate on a significant case, SEC v. Jarkesy, that questions the constitutionality of the Securities and Exchange Commission's internal judicial processes. Central to the case is whether the SEC's use of in-house administrative law judges infringes on the Seventh Amendment's guarantee of a jury trial.
This legal challenge stems from the SEC's actions against George R. Jarkesy, who was accused of investment-related fraud in 2013. Jarkesy's case, adjudicated through the SEC's in-house system established under the Dodd-Frank Act, resulted in a $300,000 civil penalty. The SEC accused Jarkesy and his advisory firm, Patriot28, of several violations, including misrepresenting fund details and overvaluing assets to charge higher fees.
In 2022, the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled 2-1 that this practice was unconstitutional, as civil penalties for fraud are traditionally subject to jury trials in common law and are routinely handled in district courts. Additionally, the SEC's discretion to choose between in-house adjudication and federal court for the same claims is challenged for violating the nondelegation doctrine. Congress failed to provide a guiding principle for this choice, leading to concerns about improper delegation of power. Finally, ALJs are classified as "inferior officers" with considerable removal protections, which could infringe upon the president's constitutional duty to ensure the faithful execution of laws.
The Supreme Court's examination will focus on these three key issues. Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar, representing the government, argues that the Seventh Amendment does not extend to administrative adjudications by federal agencies. Peggy Little, senior litigation counsel at the New Civil Liberties Alliance, counters this view, noting the importance of jury trials, especially in cases where the government pursues damages against individuals, potentially impacting their "life, liberty, reputation, or property."
Jarkesy's legal team argues that the constitutional limits on unchecked executive power and the historical importance of civil juries as a check on government authority. They highlight the stark contrast in the SEC's success rates in in-house proceedings versus those in Article III courts, where juries are utilized.
An amicus brief by former U.S. Attorney General Edwin Meese III, along with constitutional scholars Steven Calabresi and Garry Lawson, describes the absence of jury trials in government-related cases as "Orwellian and terrifying." The brief stresses the necessity of jury trials in securities fraud cases, particularly against the federal government with its vast resources.
This case follows the Supreme Court's April ruling allowing individuals to challenge SEC and Federal Trade Commission complaints directly in federal court, bypassing the agencies' internal proceedings. The SEC had previously acknowledged a "control deficiency" that compromised the separation between its prosecutorial and judicial functions, leading to the dismissal of 42 cases.
George Jarkesy founded two hedge funds, managed by Patriot28, with $24 million in assets from over 100 investors. The SEC began investigating in 2011 and later charged Jarkesy with fraud through an in-house proceeding. Jarkesy contested this in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on constitutional grounds, but his injunction was denied due to jurisdictional issues.
Subsequently, an administrative law judge found Jarkesy guilty of securities fraud. During his appeal to the commission, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Lucia v. SEC that the SEC's ALJs were appointed incorrectly. Despite this, Jarkesy did not seek a new hearing. The commission upheld the fraud verdict and penalties, dismissing Jarkesy's constitutional challenges.
Jarkesy then appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit, which overturned the previous rulings, citing several constitutional breaches, and sent the case back for further proceedings.
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