As House and Senate Republicans pursue competing tax overhaul plans, financial advisers should be aware that one big disagreement is the estate tax. House Republicans want to repeal it in 2024 while their Senate colleagues want to preserve it.
The House's repeal plan would be a windfall for a small number of the richest Americans. The estate tax affects only 0.5% of all estates. Both the Senate and House plans would double the estate tax exemption to $11 million from $5.5 million per individual, which would further shrink the percentage of affected estates.
Nevertheless, average Americans dislike the estate tax. A variety of polls over the years have shown that most Americans want to repeal it. Ipsos recently conducted a survey for National Public Radio and found that 65% of respondents favor repeal. That isn't entirely surprising. The freedom to get rich or die trying – as Curtis Jackson once put it – is a cherished American ideal.
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So it makes sense that most Americans don't want the government to seize their money, however unlikely it is that they will amass a fortune greater than the estate tax exemption.
Repeal of the estate tax would open a never-before-available path for average Americans to enrich their heirs. That path is created by repealing the estate tax and preserving the step-up in basis for inherited assets.
STEP-UP IN EFFECT
Here's how the step-up works: Let's say a financial adviser, or a client, invests $10,000 in an S&P 500 index fund. The basis is $10,000. Then let's also say that investment increases over time to $50,000. You have an unrealized gain of $40,000, on which you would pay tax if you sold the investment.
But if you bequeathed that investment instead, your inheritor's basis would "step up" to $50,000, which means that inheritor would only pay tax if the investment was sold for more than $50,000.Without the estate tax, the step-up becomes a powerful tool for wealth creation. Let's say you invest that $10,000 in an S&P 500 index fund at age 30.
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Around the same time, you have two children, which according to the Pew Research Center is the number of children that a plurality of mothers ages 40 to 44 had in 2014. Your investment grows at the S&P 500's long-term annual growth rate of 10%, including dividends, while long-term inflation approximates the Federal Reserve's target rate of 2% a year.
CHILD FACTOR
If you then gave equal parts of that investment to each of your two children when you died at age 79 – the average life expectancy in the U.S. in 2015 according to the World Bank – each child would inherit $235,000 in today's dollars.
Here's where it becomes interesting. If every generation passed that investment on to the next, each of your four grandchildren would inherit $1.2 million, each of your eight great-grandchildren would inherit $5.9 million, and each of your 16 great-great-grandchildren would inherit a whopping $30 million. All for doing nothing for 140 years.
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Granted, when it comes to investing, nothing is the hardest thing to do (for financial advisers and clients alike). The temptation over those 140 years to raid the investment, or to flee during occasional market panics, or to plunk the money on the latest investment craze would be overwhelming at times. But however difficult, the House plan makes it possible.
