Norway, Switzerland and Iceland won the top three spots in Natixis Global Asset Management's fourth
annual ranking, released Tuesday. The U.S., with a score of 73%, strolled in at No. 14 out of 43 nations (right after Luxembourg) in the global retirement index.
Norway joins a number of top 10 countries in having a compulsory workplace savings program. It requires employers to fund private retirement accounts with 2% of a worker's earnings annually. That pales next to Australia, No. 6, where employers must kick in at least 9.5%.
The retirement leaders, with scores of 77% or better: Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, New Zealand, Sweden, Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria and Canada.
The bottom 10, whose highest score was 57%: India was last, at 12%, preceded by Greece, Brazil, Russia, Turkey, China, Spain, Cyprus, Mexico and Portugal.
At first glance, it looks as if the U.S. made a big jump from last year, when it came in 19th. But that result isn't apples-to-apples. This year's report focused mostly on developed nations, while last year's ranked 150 countries. The methodology changed, too, to a five-year average for real interest rates and inflation, up from a three-year average. That affects a part of the index called “finances in retirement,” one of the report's four sub-indexes that determine the overall ranking. If the new methodology had been applied to last year's data, the U.S. would have come in 15th.
(More: Debt dims boomers' retirement prospects)
The U.S. did reach the top 10 in two of the four sub-indexes, including the one that measures the stability of finances in retirement, which gets the most weight in the overall ranking.
This sub-index looks at the ratio of working people for every retirement-age person, the level of bank nonperforming loans, inflation, interest rates, tax pressure, government indebtedness and governance. The U.S. score, while high, was damped by the nation's "relatively high levels of public debt and increasing tax burdens." As the report said, "rising expenses in the long term seem inevitable as more boomers reach retirement age."
While the move to auto-enroll employees in retirement plans is a positive in the U.S. and elsewhere, the Department of Labor estimates that about a third of U.S. employees have no access to a retirement plan. Once employees are enrolled in a plan, an even bigger challenge is getting them engaged with it, said David Goodsell, who oversees investor research for Natixis.
Many financial planners recommend a person save 20% of their income, an ambitious goal for most Americans — and for pretty much anyone around the globe. The report didn't say whether employee contributions were matched by employers.
The U.S. also did well, at No. 7, in the health care part of the index, which might come as a surprise to many Americans frustrated by the costs and hassles of their health care coverage. This measure looks at health spending per capita, the level of uninsured health spending and life expectancy. The U.S., the report said, has the highest health expenditure per capita of the 43 countries in the index, and ranks sixth for the level of uninsured health expenditures. It was No. 30 for life expectancy.
The cost of health care in retirement in the U.S. is high and seems set to go higher, in part because of rising drug prices.
"The trend, and it's been pretty consistent, is that the consumer of health care, whether a pre-retiree or someone in retirement, is taking on more and more of the [financial] responsibility," said Ron Mastrogiovanni, chief executive of HealthView Services, which creates health care cost projection software. He cited the move to high-deductible health care plans, the high cost of supplemental or Medigap insurance to help cover what Medicare doesn't, and the plan to reduce coverage under the most popular supplemental plan called Plan F in 2020 as some of elements of higher costs.
One area in which the U.S. had an abysmal ranking was in its high level of income inequality, which helped drive it down to No. 37 of the 43 countries. The U.S. and Singapore share the dubious distinction of being the only countries in the top five for income per capita and in the bottom 10 for their large gaps in income equality. Those data points fall into the "material wellbeing" portion of the index, where the U.S. scores 59% to sit at No. 25, below Estonia. That's its lowest score among the report's four sub-indexes, below its No. 16 rank for quality of life.
It's worth watching interest rates, which could cause rankings to shift in future years. Low rates are great if you're buying a house or a car, but they stink if you're trying to live on a fixed income in retirement. While Norway, which has started to cut interest rates, is ranked No. 1 overall, No. 1 in material well-being and No. 3 in the quality of life and health categories, it is No. 9 in the retirement finance measure. If Norway continues to cut rates, "I'll be curious to see what long-term impact that has on its ranking," said Mr. Goodsell.
Right now, though, only Denmark, Switzerland and Iceland top Norway in the report's measure of contentment. When it comes to retirement, the Norwegians are looking pretty fat and happy.
